Christ on the Mount of Olives forms part of the Třeboň Altarpiece, painted around 1380 by the artist known as the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece. Executed in tempera on panel, the work dates to the late 14th century and is associated with the flourishing of panel painting in Bohemia. The altarpiece is recognized for its role in the development of International Gothic painting in Central Europe. The panel depicts Christ kneeling in prayer on the Mount of Olives, his hands raised in supplication, while three apostles sleep at the lower right.

The background is rendered in a vivid red, adorned with gold stars, and an angel appears in the upper right, presenting a chalice. The figures are haloed and set against a rocky landscape with stylized trees, and the composition is marked by elongated forms, delicate modeling, and a strong use of color contrast typical of the period. The Třeboň Altarpiece is notable for its influence on later Bohemian painting and is considered a key work in the International Gothic style. The original altarpiece was created for the Augustinian monastery in Třeboň, in southern Bohemia.

Today, surviving panels from the altarpiece are preserved in the collection of the National Gallery in Prague.