The Court of Gayumars is an illuminated manuscript painting created by Sultan Muhammad between 1522 and 1525 for the royal Shahnama (Book of Kings) commissioned by Shah Tahmasp of the Safavid dynasty. The work marks a high point in Persian miniature painting and is widely attributed to Sultan Muhammad, a leading artist at the Safavid court. It illustrates the legendary first king of Iran, Gayumars, enthroned among his courtiers at the opening of the epic poem.

The painting was executed in opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. The composition centers on Gayumars, seated on a rocky outcrop and surrounded by a lush, mountainous landscape teeming with animals, plants, and courtiers. The figures are arranged in a circular formation, with Gayumars elevated above the others, signifying his royal status. Courtiers wear leopard skins, a detail drawn from the epic, and the scene is rendered in vibrant colors with extensive use of gold.

The intricate detailing of flora and fauna, combined with the harmonious arrangement of figures and landscape, demonstrates the technical and aesthetic sophistication of early 16th-century Persian miniature painting. Commissioned by Shah Tahmasp, the manuscript was later presented by the Safavid ruler to Ottoman Sultan Selim II in 1568. The manuscript was broken up in the 1970s and its pages are now in many collections; The Court of Gayumars, regarded as one of the most celebrated works of Persian art, is in the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto.